Histograms and frequency polygons.

Display a 1d distribution by dividing into bins and counting the number of observations in each bin. Histograms use bars; frequency polygons use lines.

Usage

geom_freqpoly(
  mapping = NULL,
  data = NULL,
  stat = "bin",
  position = "identity",
  ...,
  na.rm = FALSE,
  show.legend = NA,
  inherit.aes = TRUE
)

geom_histogram(
  mapping = NULL,
  data = NULL,
  stat = "bin",
  position = "stack",
  ...,
  binwidth = NULL,
  bins = NULL,
  na.rm = FALSE,
  show.legend = NA,
  inherit.aes = TRUE
)

stat_bin(
  mapping = NULL,
  data = NULL,
  geom = "bar",
  position = "stack",
  ...,
  binwidth = NULL,
  bins = NULL,
  center = NULL,
  boundary = NULL,
  closed = c("right", "left"),
  pad = FALSE,
  na.rm = FALSE,
  show.legend = NA,
  inherit.aes = TRUE
)

Arguments

mapping

Set of aesthetic mappings created by aes or aes_. If specified and inherit.aes = TRUE (the default), it is combined with the default mapping at the top level of the plot. You must supply mapping if there is no plot mapping.

data

The data to be displayed in this layer. There are three options:

If NULL, the default, the data is inherited from the plot data as specified in the call to ggplot.

A data.frame, or other object, will override the plot data. All objects will be fortified to produce a data frame. See fortify for which variables will be created.

A function will be called with a single argument, the plot data. The return value must be a data.frame., and will be used as the layer data.

position

Position adjustment, either as a string, or the result of a call to a position adjustment function.

...

other arguments passed on to layer. These are often aesthetics, used to set an aesthetic to a fixed value, like color = "red" or size = 3. They may also be parameters to the paired geom/stat.

na.rm

If FALSE (the default), removes missing values with a warning. If TRUE silently removes missing values.

show.legend

logical. Should this layer be included in the legends? NA, the default, includes if any aesthetics are mapped. FALSE never includes, and TRUE always includes.

inherit.aes

If FALSE, overrides the default aesthetics, rather than combining with them. This is most useful for helper functions that define both data and aesthetics and shouldn't inherit behaviour from the default plot specification, e.g. borders.

binwidth

The width of the bins. The default is to use bins bins that cover the range of the data. You should always override this value, exploring multiple widths to find the best to illustrate the stories in your data.

The bin width of a date variable is the number of days in each time; the bin width of a time variable is the number of seconds.

bins

Number of bins. Overridden by binwidth. Defaults to 30

geom, stat

Use to override the default connection between geom_histogram/geom_freqpoly and stat_bin.

center

The center of one of the bins. Note that if center is above or below the range of the data, things will be shifted by an appropriate number of widths. To center on integers, for example, use width=1 and center=0, even if 0 is outside the range of the data. At most one of center and boundary may be specified.

boundary

A boundary between two bins. As with center, things are shifted when boundary is outside the range of the data. For example, to center on integers, use width = 1 and boundary = 0.5, even if 1 is outside the range of the data. At most one of center and boundary may be specified.

closed

One of "right" or "left" indicating whether right or left edges of bins are included in the bin.

pad

If TRUE, adds empty bins at either end of x. This ensures frequency polygons touch 0. Defaults to FALSE.

Details

By default, stat_bin uses 30 bins - this is not a good default, but the idea is to get you experimenting with different binwidths. You may need to look at a few to uncover the full story behind your data.

Aesthetics

geom_histogram uses the same aesthetics as geom_bar; geom_freqpoly uses the same aesthetics as geom_line.

Computed variables

count: number of points in bin
density: density of points in bin, scaled to integrate to 1
ncount: count, scaled to maximum of 1
ndensity: density, scaled to maximum of 1

Examples

ggplot(diamonds, aes(carat)) +
  geom_histogram()
#> `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.

ggplot(diamonds, aes(carat)) +
  geom_histogram(binwidth = 0.01)

ggplot(diamonds, aes(carat)) +
  geom_histogram(bins = 200)


# Rather than stacking histograms, it's easier to compare frequency
# polygons
ggplot(diamonds, aes(price, fill = cut)) +
  geom_histogram(binwidth = 500)

ggplot(diamonds, aes(price, colour = cut)) +
  geom_freqpoly(binwidth = 500)


# To make it easier to compare distributions with very different counts,
# put density on the y axis instead of the default count
ggplot(diamonds, aes(price, ..density.., colour = cut)) +
  geom_freqpoly(binwidth = 500)


if (require("ggplot2movies")) {
# Often we don't want the height of the bar to represent the
# count of observations, but the sum of some other variable.
# For example, the following plot shows the number of movies
# in each rating.
m <- ggplot(movies, aes(rating))
m + geom_histogram(binwidth = 0.1)

# If, however, we want to see the number of votes cast in each
# category, we need to weight by the votes variable
m + geom_histogram(aes(weight = votes), binwidth = 0.1) + ylab("votes")

# For transformed scales, binwidth applies to the transformed data.
# The bins have constant width on the transformed scale.
m + geom_histogram() + scale_x_log10()
m + geom_histogram(binwidth = 0.05) + scale_x_log10()

# For transformed coordinate systems, the binwidth applies to the
# raw data. The bins have constant width on the original scale.

# Using log scales does not work here, because the first
# bar is anchored at zero, and so when transformed becomes negative
# infinity. This is not a problem when transforming the scales, because
# no observations have 0 ratings.
m + geom_histogram(origin = 0) + coord_trans(x = "log10")
# Use origin = 0, to make sure we don't take sqrt of negative values
m + geom_histogram(origin = 0) + coord_trans(x = "sqrt")

}
#> Warning: `origin` is deprecated. Please use `boundary` instead.
#> `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.

rm(movies)
#> Warning: object 'movies' not found